The Atomistic Theory of Matter and the Theory of Gravitation belong scientifically together. The gravitation is caused by conserved elementary gravitational charges. As a result of these circumstances is that the deformation of space-time about masses, as the general relativity stated, in not a physical correct description of gravitation.

The Standard Model of Astrophysics speculate scientifically about Big Bang, Black Holes, Dark Matter, deviation of light in the gravitational field, event horizon, accelerated expansion of the Universe, etc. However, all these scientific speculations have no physical basis.

The detection of gravitation waves – published by Abbott et al., Phys. Rev. Lett, 11. February 2016 – was firstly successful. However, the origin of the gravitation waves was not the merger of two Black Holes, but rather the merger of two neutron stars. “Cold” neutron stars have the greatest mass density in Universe, ca. 3.8 x10^12 kg/cm^2.

Not theories have to say what Nature is, but Nature requires the description with consistent and comprehensive theories.

Dear Gyula,

This was to be my first post on your Gravitations forum:

The subject would be COVARIANCE

I’d like to discuss covariance. I have attached
a picture of the identity of 1/(1-x), what I will
call the “implicit covariant factor.” The right
hand side of the identity I will call the “explicit
covariant factor.” Never mind, for now, how the
probabilities and Shannon Entropy packets are
derived, they only introduce concepts that the
reader may not be familiar with, yet. It is left
as an exercise to show that 1/(1-x) has as a second
family member, [1/(1-x^2)]^0.5, the covariant Lorentz
factor when (v/c) is substituted for x, where the
first factor is the Pythagorean way to add vectors.
That is, the whole right hand side is how to add
vectors covariantly; the Lorentz way.

Now for the intuition; since the first factor on the
right hand side of the identity is (1+x), then I
suggest that the whole right hand side is how to
add scalars covariantly; the proposed way.

So you might ask? “Covariant inertia explains the
correct way to view simultaneous, synchronous, and
coincidental events…what would your so-called
covariant addition give us a correct view of?”

Umm, maybe a correct view of where gravity waves
eminate from… maybe from the covariant part,
and conserving the gravitational mass addition as
a simple (conserved) addition with the substitution
of GM/R/(c^2) for x; where the first power of M is
an un-creatable, un-annihilatable, constant of the
universe, the gravitational mass. And the possibility
that the covariant part is a “captive wave,” capable
of being radiated.

Intuition or fantasy? Why or why-not? Don’t ask me,
I just like the thought of something like “covariant
addition,” and can not help it. Lorentz and Einstein
taught us why covariance is necessary to fix the
Lorentz transform matrix by multiplying by the Lorentz
factor;

my feeling is that the addition of gravitational masses
is also covariant. Rule-me-out, but please don’t throw
me onto the brier-patch, said brother-rabbit to brother-
bear.

And if that isn’t enough, that the covariance is a first
principle that demands that the speed of light and gravity
be finite and equivalent, a reversal of a “common-sense”
notion of causality; and that covariance is the property
that accounts for chemical electromagnetic bonds on the
inertial side of the equation and nuclear electromagnetic
bonds on the gravitational side of the equation.

Sincerely,
Bill (Eshleman)

Dear Bill,

the role of mass, as used in physics, is widely discussed in

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity

One statement was “the expression m0(1 – v2/c2)−1/2 is best suited for THE mass of a moving body”.
It is argued that the relativistic mass formula holds for all particles, including those moving at the speed of light, while the formula only applies to a slower than light particle (a particle with a nonzero rest mass) with ϒ = (1-v^2/c^2)^-1/2.

However, the relation E = m(rel)∙c^2 (Einstein) is generally invalid; firstly because moving particles always radiate and secondly, it is not distinguished between the gravitational mass mg and the inertial mass mi. In general, the energy E of moving particle is not conserved and the mg and mi are different by composed particles. Only by the elementary particles, e, p, P and E, we can be sure that mg = mi because they are not composed of other particles. The statement that E = m(rel)∙c^2 holds for all particles is a physically invalid claim.

Supposing all particles are composed of the elementary particles e, p, P and E the is the gravitational mass

mg = |(NP – NE)mP + (Np-Ne)me|

and the inertial mass

mi = (NP + NE) mP + (Np + Ne) me – E(bound)/c^2.

Both masses are greater or equal zero and are expressed with the numbers of elementary particles, with the elementary masses mP and me and in the inertial mass also the bound energy E(bound) enters.

COVARIANCE is connected to the covariant equation of motion of particles, which carrying two kinds of fields, however, neither the positions, nor the velocities of particles are exactly known. This uncertainty is a principle problem at the motion of particles. In multilinear algebra and tensor analysis, covariance and contravariance describe how the quantitative description of certain geometric or physical entities changes with a change of basis. In physics, a basis is sometimes thought of as a set of reference axes. However, as a “set of reference axes” cannot be connected to “inertial frame of references” because the observers cannot define constant velocities with real physical particles. In the Minkowski space a basis with four unit vectors e0, e1, e2 , e3 can be introduced, and also an invariant distance between two points. However, it is dangerous to define covariance with the use of Lorentz factor ϒ = (1-v^2/c^2)^-1/2. In the equation of motion of particles all appearing term are covariant terms.

The correct written formula for the Lagrange density you can find on this website under Theory in “Atomistic Theory of Matter: Stable Particles and a Unified Field” as Eq. (37).

Dear Bill,
The assumption of energy conservation cannot be applied for physical systems because all physical systems are open (non-closed) systems. Furthermore, all interactions are non-conservative interactions (the particles radiate and lost energy). Due to radiations, neither the positions, nor the velocities of particles are exactly known at a fixed time. Therefore, the particles must be described with probability densities. Since the interactions propagate with c, the Minkowski space has to be used for the description of space-time processes. These features are not built in the fundaments of physics.
What is about conservation laws? The only remaining law is the conservation of particle numbers. The particle number conservations of the elementary particles are connected to charge conservations. The elementary charges are on one side the physical properties of elementary particles, on the other side they cause the non-conservative, continuous interactions which propagate with c.
The experimentally observed stable elementary particles are the electrons (e), the positrons (p), the protons (P) and the eltons (E). I have labeled the “antiproton” as elton. The four kinds of elementary particles carry two kinds of conserved elementary charges, the elementary electric charges qi ={±e} and the elementary gravitational charges gi = {±g ∙mi}. The elementary gravitational charges can be expressed with the elementary masses me and mP and with the specific gravitational charge g whereby the connection between g and the universal gravitations constant G is g = + (G∙4∙π)^1/2. The gravitation is not universal mass attraction and the gravitation is also not caused by the deformation of space-time around masses. However, the Universality of Free Fall (UFF) is violated.
The energetic physics which use the energy conservation and which is developed in the 20th century is not suitable to describe correctly physical processes. Instead of the energetic physics, the atomistic physics, built on four kinds of stable particles, must be used in physics.
Final remark: Not physical theories have to say what Nature is, but Nature requires the correct and comprehensive physical descriptions.
Sincerely,
Gyula

• This reply was modified 8 years, 9 months ago by Gyula Szász.

Dear Gyula,

Thank you for pasting the picture. I am still trying
to recover from your statement that the Lorentz factor
is an incorrect, special relativistic correction for
gravitational and electric charges. The most important
problem with the Lorentz factor is its infinity at the
speed of light. An infinity that is a curtain both to the
hypothetical black hole and to the microscopic quantum
world. Worlds that may just become visible by a
Feynman-type renormalization….maybe.

I am hoping that my splitting the Lorentz factor into a form
consisting of a purely additive part,

(addition of both ideal scalars and vectors),

and a purely, but speculated “relativistic” part………..will
come to my aid so that we can agree; always with my
primary intent to agree with your theory, “come hell or
high water.” And as of now, the extra factors of my
mathematical objects, I am interpreting as trying to
describe what the energies of bonds must approximate
to achieve longevity and stability. And it is those factors
that contribute to the infinities, whereas the first conservative
factor has no infinity at all.

My effort will usually have the goal that we agree in
some way that I can justify by manipulation of the counters
on my infinite sum and product identities. That is, it’s
treatment is flexible or even correctible on my part.
Sincerely,
Bill Eshleman

Dear Bill,
you must think on the equation of particles motion under the condition that neither the positions, no the velocities of particles are ever exactly known. We can assume that for stable particles the gravitational mass is equal to the inertial mass (they are not composed of any other particles), but the Lorentz factor contain the term v/c and which velocity will you input for v? Furthermore, the interactions between particles are non-conservative interactions. Anyhow, as the equations of motions are derived from an invariant action integral, the validity is given at each velocities smaller than c.
I state once more again the equation of stable particles motion is a covariant equation and it is composed of at least three covariant terms (the interaction term appears two times, the radiation term is suppressed). Covariant means “form invariant” again passive Lorentz transformations, and passive Lorentz transformations mean transformations of the coordinate system. The mass appears in two terms, in the kinetics part and in the interaction part through the gravitational interaction; in both cases the masses of stable particles enter as invariant masses.
If somebody tries to describe composed particles/bodies, in the kinetics part, the so called inertial mass occurs (which is not an invariant) in the interaction term appears the sum of gravitational charges as sum of gravitational masses. The inertial mass incorporates the bound energy. The uncertainty of velocities and the non-conservative interactions remain the same also for composed particles/bodies.
In my microscopic quantum word renormalization a la Feynman is not needed anymore and the particles cannot approach each other infinitely close and they cannot move with the velocity c. Furthermore, black holes do not exist; the space-time is not “deformed”.
Sincerely,

• This reply was modified 8 years, 9 months ago by Gyula Szász.